Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Chromatin-derived histone proteins from Schmidtea mediterranea function as innate antimicrobial effectors

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1816580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Planarian histone extraction and antibacterial activity. (A) Coomassie-stained SDS–PAGE showing bands of planarian histone proteins extracted by acid extraction method. Major bands corresponding to core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) are indicated based on expected molecular weights. (B) Western blot analysis of the extracted fraction using anti-histone H3, H4, and H2A antibodies. (C) Antibacterial activity of planarian histone extracts (1 µg) against Gram-positive ( S. aureus , S. pneumoniae , E. faecalis ) and Gram-negative ( E. coli , P. aeruginosa , K. pneumoniae ) bacteria. Gentamycin (0.1 µg) served as a positive control, BSA (1 µg) as a protein control, and untreated bacteria as growth control.

Article Snippet: Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 6303), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 12399).

Techniques: Extraction, Activity Assay, Staining, SDS Page, Western Blot, Bacteria, Positive Control, Control

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Article Title: Lung Pathology of Mutually Exclusive Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae

doi: 10.3201/eid2703.204024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the lungs of a patient in Japan co-infected with both pathogens. The 42 lung sections were analyzed and the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and S. pneumoniae DNA in each section was evaluated. A) The right lung was cut into 6 (R–I to R–VI); B) the left lung was cut into 7 (L–I to L–VII) coronal slices, from ventral to dorsal. Twenty-two right sections (R1–R22) in R–IV and R–V and 20 left sections (L1–L20) in L–V and L–IV are shown in black boxes. The dotted white line is the boundary between the upper and lower lobes. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA score is indicated by the number of red circles and the S. pneumoniae DNA score is indicated by the number of yellow circles. (-) indicates results under the detection limit. Scale bars indicate 2 cm. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Article Snippet: IHC using an antibody against S. pneumoniae spp . (NB100–64502; Novus Biologicals, https://www.novusbio.com ) showed both intact streptococci and granular antigens staining in neutrophils, macrophages, or both, particularly in the lesion with bronchopneumonia ( , panel E).

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Article Title: Lung Pathology of Mutually Exclusive Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae

doi: 10.3201/eid2703.204024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microscopic findings of the lungs of a patient in Japan co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae . A) Histopathology of lung section R12 (shown in ). Scale bar indicates 2 mm. B) Magnified image of the black square (top left) in panel A: exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with hyaline membranes. Scale bar indicates 100 μm. C) Magnified image of the red square (bottom right) in panel A: edema and bronchopneumonia with massive infiltration of neutrophils in the alveolar spaces. Scale bar indicates 100 μm. D, E) Magnified images of the same areas of consecutive sections as B and C, respectively, showing SARS-CoV-2 antigen stained green (Vina green) and S. pneumoniae antigen stained brown (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) by enzyme-labeled double immunohistochemistry. The SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected predominantly in the DAD area (D; scale bar indicates 50 μm). The S. pneumoniae antigens were detected predominantly in the bronchopneumonia area (E; scale bar indicates 50 μm). Insets show magnified images of the staining cells (scale bars indicate 10 μm).

Article Snippet: IHC using an antibody against S. pneumoniae spp . (NB100–64502; Novus Biologicals, https://www.novusbio.com ) showed both intact streptococci and granular antigens staining in neutrophils, macrophages, or both, particularly in the lesion with bronchopneumonia ( , panel E).

Techniques: Infection, Histopathology, Staining, Labeling, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Article Title: Lung Pathology of Mutually Exclusive Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae

doi: 10.3201/eid2703.204024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA in 42 lung sections from a patient in Japan co-infected with both pathogens*

Article Snippet: IHC using an antibody against S. pneumoniae spp . (NB100–64502; Novus Biologicals, https://www.novusbio.com ) showed both intact streptococci and granular antigens staining in neutrophils, macrophages, or both, particularly in the lesion with bronchopneumonia ( , panel E).

Techniques:

Journal: Communications Chemistry

Article Title: Creating unimolecular multivalent diversity in protein conjugates via the Passerini multicomponent bioconjugation with isocyanoproteins

doi: 10.1038/s42004-025-01827-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Passerini bioconjugation for the assembly of multivalent glycoconjugates incorporating bacterial polysaccharide antigens . A Repeating unit of the pneumococcal serotype 14 (Pn14) and the meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) capsular polysaccharides (CPs). B SE-HPLC traces (TSK 5000 PW column) of the natural, fragmented and—for CPs Pn14—oxidized polysaccharides. C Schematic representation of the structures of the multivalent BSA-MenC-Pn14 glycoconjugates produced by the Passerini bioconjugation with isocyanoproteins. D Antigenicity evaluation by Dot blot assays of glycoconjugates 23, 24, 25 and 26 in comparison with isocyano-BSAs and modified CPs, using reference antibodies against BSA, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis . Native BSA and the natural CPs antigens were used as positive controls.

Article Snippet: Next, the membrane was incubated with the primary antibodies: anti-BSA rabbit polyclonal IgG antibody (1:1000, Invitrogen Ref A11133, Lot 2206803), anti- S. pneumoniae rabbit polyclonal IgG antibody (1:1000, Bio-Rad Ref 0300-0218, Lot 155340, reactive for serotype 14) and anti- N. meningitidis rabbit polyclonal IgG antibody (1:2000, Bio-Rad Ref 6600-5906, Lot 158003, reactive for serogroup C) in a 1% skim milk solution in TBS at 37 °C for 60 min. After washing the membrane three times for 5 min with the washing solution, it was incubated with an anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated to HRP (1:10 000, Santa Cruz SC2357) in TBS at 37 °C for 60 min.

Techniques: Produced, Dot Blot, Comparison, Modification

Journal:

Article Title: Activities of Mutant Prevention Concentration-Targeted Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.8.2606-2614.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Derivation of pharmacokinetics of MPC-targeted models

Article Snippet: Both moxifloxacin models (therapeutic and MPC targeted) selected a ParC derivative (S79Y) of the gyrA mutant KD1239 (resulting in a 12-fold MIC elevation) (Table ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 3. caption a7 Regimen a Pk b (μg/ml) Tr (μg/ml) c AUC Pk/MPC t > MPC (h) AUC/MIC AUC/MPC Pre-IVPM d Post-IVPM e S. pneumoniae 79 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC f MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 1.5 4 48 12 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 1.5 4 48 12 1 NC MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 29.5 24 384 96 NC S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC MPC targeted 1.5 0.094 12 3 10 96 24 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 3 10 64 24 0.75 1.5 MPC targeted 14.5 3.625 192 7.25 24 256 96 NC S. pneumoniae KD2138 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 0.5625 0 192 6 0.25 NC MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.094 0 24 0.75 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.094 0 32 0.75 1.5 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.461 0 256 6 32 S. pneumoniae KD2139 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 1.125 2 192 12 0.25 3 MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.187 0 24 1.5 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.188 0 64 1.5 0.75 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.922 0 512 12 32 Open in a separate window a FQ, fluoroquinolone; IVPM, in vitro pharmacodynamic model; MXF, moxifloxacin; and LEV, levifloxacin. b Pk, peak. c Tr, trough. d Pre-IVPM, MIC for original isolate. e Post-IVPM, MIC for resistant isolate recovered from IVPM. f NC indicates post-IVPM MIC equivalent to preexposure MIC.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Activities of Mutant Prevention Concentration-Targeted Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.8.2606-2614.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Susceptibility testing and MPC determinations

Article Snippet: Both moxifloxacin models (therapeutic and MPC targeted) selected a ParC derivative (S79Y) of the gyrA mutant KD1239 (resulting in a 12-fold MIC elevation) (Table ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 3. caption a7 Regimen a Pk b (μg/ml) Tr (μg/ml) c AUC Pk/MPC t > MPC (h) AUC/MIC AUC/MPC Pre-IVPM d Post-IVPM e S. pneumoniae 79 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC f MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 1.5 4 48 12 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 1.5 4 48 12 1 NC MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 29.5 24 384 96 NC S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC MPC targeted 1.5 0.094 12 3 10 96 24 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 3 10 64 24 0.75 1.5 MPC targeted 14.5 3.625 192 7.25 24 256 96 NC S. pneumoniae KD2138 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 0.5625 0 192 6 0.25 NC MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.094 0 24 0.75 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.094 0 32 0.75 1.5 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.461 0 256 6 32 S. pneumoniae KD2139 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 1.125 2 192 12 0.25 3 MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.187 0 24 1.5 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.188 0 64 1.5 0.75 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.922 0 512 12 32 Open in a separate window a FQ, fluoroquinolone; IVPM, in vitro pharmacodynamic model; MXF, moxifloxacin; and LEV, levifloxacin. b Pk, peak. c Tr, trough. d Pre-IVPM, MIC for original isolate. e Post-IVPM, MIC for resistant isolate recovered from IVPM. f NC indicates post-IVPM MIC equivalent to preexposure MIC.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Activities of Mutant Prevention Concentration-Targeted Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.8.2606-2614.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activity of therapeutic regimens of moxifloxacin (MXF) (A) and levofloxacin (LEV) (B) against all isolates (▪, 79; ✖, ATCC 49619; ⧫, KD2138 [parC mutant]; □, KD2139 [gyrA mutant]; ✚, growth control 79; *, growth control ATCC 49619; ◊, growth control KD2138; and ⊡, growth control KD2139). The dotted line indicates the lower limit of detection (2 log10 CFU/ml) used for bacterial quantification.

Article Snippet: Both moxifloxacin models (therapeutic and MPC targeted) selected a ParC derivative (S79Y) of the gyrA mutant KD1239 (resulting in a 12-fold MIC elevation) (Table ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 3. caption a7 Regimen a Pk b (μg/ml) Tr (μg/ml) c AUC Pk/MPC t > MPC (h) AUC/MIC AUC/MPC Pre-IVPM d Post-IVPM e S. pneumoniae 79 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC f MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 1.5 4 48 12 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 1.5 4 48 12 1 NC MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 29.5 24 384 96 NC S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC MPC targeted 1.5 0.094 12 3 10 96 24 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 3 10 64 24 0.75 1.5 MPC targeted 14.5 3.625 192 7.25 24 256 96 NC S. pneumoniae KD2138 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 0.5625 0 192 6 0.25 NC MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.094 0 24 0.75 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.094 0 32 0.75 1.5 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.461 0 256 6 32 S. pneumoniae KD2139 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 1.125 2 192 12 0.25 3 MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.187 0 24 1.5 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.188 0 64 1.5 0.75 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.922 0 512 12 32 Open in a separate window a FQ, fluoroquinolone; IVPM, in vitro pharmacodynamic model; MXF, moxifloxacin; and LEV, levifloxacin. b Pk, peak. c Tr, trough. d Pre-IVPM, MIC for original isolate. e Post-IVPM, MIC for resistant isolate recovered from IVPM. f NC indicates post-IVPM MIC equivalent to preexposure MIC.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Mutagenesis

Journal:

Article Title: Activities of Mutant Prevention Concentration-Targeted Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.8.2606-2614.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activity of MPC-targeted regimens of moxifloxacin (ΔMXF) (A) and levofloxacin (ΔLEV) (B) against all isolates (▪, 79; ✖, ATCC 49619; ⧫, KD2138 [parC mutant]; □, KD2139 [gyrA mutant]; ✚, growth control 79; *, growth control ATCC 49619; ◊, growth control KD2138; and ⊡, growth control KD2139). The dotted line indicates the lower limit of detection (2 log10 CFU/ml) used for bacterial quantification.

Article Snippet: Both moxifloxacin models (therapeutic and MPC targeted) selected a ParC derivative (S79Y) of the gyrA mutant KD1239 (resulting in a 12-fold MIC elevation) (Table ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 3. caption a7 Regimen a Pk b (μg/ml) Tr (μg/ml) c AUC Pk/MPC t > MPC (h) AUC/MIC AUC/MPC Pre-IVPM d Post-IVPM e S. pneumoniae 79 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC f MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 1.5 4 48 12 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 1.5 4 48 12 1 NC MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 29.5 24 384 96 NC S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC MPC targeted 1.5 0.094 12 3 10 96 24 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 3 10 64 24 0.75 1.5 MPC targeted 14.5 3.625 192 7.25 24 256 96 NC S. pneumoniae KD2138 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 0.5625 0 192 6 0.25 NC MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.094 0 24 0.75 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.094 0 32 0.75 1.5 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.461 0 256 6 32 S. pneumoniae KD2139 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 1.125 2 192 12 0.25 3 MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.187 0 24 1.5 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.188 0 64 1.5 0.75 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.922 0 512 12 32 Open in a separate window a FQ, fluoroquinolone; IVPM, in vitro pharmacodynamic model; MXF, moxifloxacin; and LEV, levifloxacin. b Pk, peak. c Tr, trough. d Pre-IVPM, MIC for original isolate. e Post-IVPM, MIC for resistant isolate recovered from IVPM. f NC indicates post-IVPM MIC equivalent to preexposure MIC.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Mutagenesis

Journal:

Article Title: Activities of Mutant Prevention Concentration-Targeted Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.8.2606-2614.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: IVPM pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Article Snippet: Both moxifloxacin models (therapeutic and MPC targeted) selected a ParC derivative (S79Y) of the gyrA mutant KD1239 (resulting in a 12-fold MIC elevation) (Table ). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 3. caption a7 Regimen a Pk b (μg/ml) Tr (μg/ml) c AUC Pk/MPC t > MPC (h) AUC/MIC AUC/MPC Pre-IVPM d Post-IVPM e S. pneumoniae 79 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC f MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 1.5 4 48 12 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 1.5 4 48 12 1 NC MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 29.5 24 384 96 NC S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 9 24 384 96 0.125 NC MPC targeted 1.5 0.094 12 3 10 96 24 NC LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 3 10 64 24 0.75 1.5 MPC targeted 14.5 3.625 192 7.25 24 256 96 NC S. pneumoniae KD2138 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 0.5625 0 192 6 0.25 NC MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.094 0 24 0.75 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.094 0 32 0.75 1.5 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.461 0 256 6 32 S. pneumoniae KD2139 MXF Therapeutic 4.5 1.125 48 1.125 2 192 12 0.25 3 MPC targeted 0.75 0.047 6 0.187 0 24 1.5 3 LEV Therapeutic 6 0.375 48 0.188 0 64 1.5 0.75 32 MPC targeted 29.5 7.375 384 0.922 0 512 12 32 Open in a separate window a FQ, fluoroquinolone; IVPM, in vitro pharmacodynamic model; MXF, moxifloxacin; and LEV, levifloxacin. b Pk, peak. c Tr, trough. d Pre-IVPM, MIC for original isolate. e Post-IVPM, MIC for resistant isolate recovered from IVPM. f NC indicates post-IVPM MIC equivalent to preexposure MIC.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Pharmacodynamics of the New Fluoroquinolone Gatifloxacin in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models

doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1665-1670.2002

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro susceptibilities of the strains tested to gatifloxacin, penicillin, methicillin, and ciprofloxacin

Article Snippet: On the basis of determination of the PK of gatifloxacin in serum, serum gatifloxacin levels following the administration of single doses of 8.0 and 32 mg/kg remained above the MIC for S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 (MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) for 2.3 and 4.0 h, respectively.

Techniques: In Vitro

Journal:

Article Title: Pharmacodynamics of the New Fluoroquinolone Gatifloxacin in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models

doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1665-1670.2002

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo PAEs of gatifloxacin after administration of single doses of 8 and 32 mg/kg against S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 (A) and S. aureus ATCC 6538p (B). Each symbol represents the mean ± standard deviation for two mice. The widths of the bars represent the duration of time that levels in serum exceeded the MIC for the infecting pathogen.

Article Snippet: On the basis of determination of the PK of gatifloxacin in serum, serum gatifloxacin levels following the administration of single doses of 8.0 and 32 mg/kg remained above the MIC for S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 (MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) for 2.3 and 4.0 h, respectively.

Techniques: In Vivo, Standard Deviation

Journal:

Article Title: Pharmacodynamics of the New Fluoroquinolone Gatifloxacin in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models

doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1665-1670.2002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationships of the gatifloxacin 24-h AUC/MIC (A), peak level/MIC (B), and T>MIC (C) for S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 with the log10 numbers of CFU per thigh after 24 h of therapy. Each symbol represents the mean for two thighs per mouse. The horizontal dashed lines represent the organism burden at the start of therapy.

Article Snippet: On the basis of determination of the PK of gatifloxacin in serum, serum gatifloxacin levels following the administration of single doses of 8.0 and 32 mg/kg remained above the MIC for S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 (MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) for 2.3 and 4.0 h, respectively.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Pharmacodynamics of the New Fluoroquinolone Gatifloxacin in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models

doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1665-1670.2002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationship between gatifloxacin dosing interval and bacteriostatic efficacy

Article Snippet: On the basis of determination of the PK of gatifloxacin in serum, serum gatifloxacin levels following the administration of single doses of 8.0 and 32 mg/kg remained above the MIC for S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 (MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) for 2.3 and 4.0 h, respectively.

Techniques:

Journal:

Article Title: Pharmacodynamics of the New Fluoroquinolone Gatifloxacin in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models

doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1665-1670.2002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationship between gatifloxacin MIC and AUC/MIC necessary to achieve a static effect and 1 log 10 and 2 log 10 killing

Article Snippet: On the basis of determination of the PK of gatifloxacin in serum, serum gatifloxacin levels following the administration of single doses of 8.0 and 32 mg/kg remained above the MIC for S. pneumoniae ATCC 10813 (MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) for 2.3 and 4.0 h, respectively.

Techniques:

Journal: STAR Protocols

Article Title: Quantifying interfacial substrate interactions via surface energy analyses

doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100476

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Streptococcus pneumoniae , MicroKwik Culture®, Pathogen, Vial , Carolina Biological Supply Company , Catalog #: 155620A.

Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Saline, Sterility, Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1579551

Figure Lengend Snippet: Efficacy of Echinaforce in reducing RSV-induced S. pneumoniae adhesion in pediatric EpiAirway tissue. (A) EpiAirway tissues cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) were stained with anti- S. pneumoniae antibody (green) and DAPI for nuclei, visualized at ×20 magnification. Representative images are shown for the following conditions: (A) Vehicle Control + S. pneumoniae , (B) RSV + S. pneumoniae , (C) RSV + EF 1:200 + S. pneumoniae , and (D) RSV + EF 1:400 + S. pneumoniae . (B) Bar chart shows S. pneumoniae adhesion under different conditions: uninfected tissue (infected with S. pneumoniae but not RSV), RSV-infected, and RSV-infected tissues treated with Echinaforce ® (EF) at 1:200 and 1:400 dilutions. Data represent ALI-cultured EpiAirway tissues, with statistical significance indicated (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01) ns = not significant.

Article Snippet: After permeabilization with 0.3% Triton X-100 and blocking with 3% BSA in PBST, sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies: anti- S. pneumoniae (10 μg/mL, NB100-64570, Novus Biologicals) and anti-Hib (10 μg/mL, orb157421, Biorbyt).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Staining, Control, Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1579551

Figure Lengend Snippet: Blocking ICAM-1 and PAFr reduces S. pneumoniae adhesion to virus-infected NHBE cells. Anti-ICAM-1 and anti-PAFr antibodies significantly reduced S. pneumoniae adhesion in (A) RSV- and (B) HPIV3-infected NHBE cells, rather than with PV14 infection (C) . Results are expressed as mean values ±SD from three independent experiments Statistical significance: p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.0001 (****), “ns” indicates no significance.

Article Snippet: After permeabilization with 0.3% Triton X-100 and blocking with 3% BSA in PBST, sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies: anti- S. pneumoniae (10 μg/mL, NB100-64570, Novus Biologicals) and anti-Hib (10 μg/mL, orb157421, Biorbyt).

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Virus, Infection